什么是“行波堆”？

本帖最后由 旺旺是我 于 2009-12-4 21:43 编辑 什么是“行波堆”？ 比尔盖茨来干嘛？ 行波堆不同于现有商业化的堆，通过对抑制堆芯燃料的分布和运行，核燃料可以从一端负级启动点燃，裂变产生的多余种子将周围不能裂变的U-238转化成Np-239，当达到一定浓度之后，形成裂变反应，同时开始焚烧在原位生成的燃料，形成行波。行波以增殖波先行焚烧波后续，一次性装料可以连续运行数十年甚至上百年。为维持运行，堆芯燃料部分保持常规的大小质量，按正常方式通过核能，将热量带出堆芯，产生蒸汽，其余部分为烧尽或待增殖的燃料。除最初的启动源需要浓缩铀，其他所有燃烧都可以来自天然的材料或清水的发电。因此不需要分离浓缩。形象的说，行波堆像蜡烛，用火柴点燃后逐渐烧尽，并可以点燃其他蜡烛。在实际工程化过程中，行波堆选择可以使用定期移动燃料，增殖焚烧波的空间固定处理......The TerraPower Initiativepresenter: John GillelandOrganization: TerraPower LLCvideo: Click here to watch a recording of the talkTerraPower, LLC is a privately funded initiative focused on the development of a new reactor and simplified nuclear infrastructure. Objectives include (1) reduction, and eventual elimination, of the need for enrichment facilities; (2) elimination of any future need for chemical separations-based reprocessing facilities; (3) utilization of natural or depleted uranium as fuel; and (4) achievement of a COE competitive with clean coal plants. Participants include 65 individuals from UC Berkeley, MIT, UNLV, ANL, Burns & Row, CBCG, and Intellectual Ventures.The reactor is based on the travelling wave concept. The speaker will review the concept and discuss the development challenges.Date: 20 Apr. 2009Semester: Spring 09 ColloquiumsAttachmentSizeTerraPower-Gilleland.pdf8.11 MB 比尔盖茨参观中国实验快堆 11月5日，微软创始人、前总裁比尔盖茨来原子能院访问，中核集团公司前副总经理、科技委副主任黄国俊，国家核电技术公司的有关部门领导，厦门大学校长朱崇实，院领导赵志祥、张昌明、万钢等有关领导热情接待了比尔盖茨一行。 比尔盖茨于2000年创立比尔和梅琳达－盖茨基金会，投资参与了内森梅尔沃德创立并经营的高智发明公司，泰拉能源为高智发明的第一个衍生公司，其主要发展方向是开发经济可持续的核能系统。目前泰拉能源正在开发行波快堆，这是一种新型的钠冷快堆，可以同时实现快中子增殖核燃料与焚烧长寿命废物两大功能，大大地提高铀资源利用率，并在一定程度上简化核燃料循环，使裂变核能成为可持续千年使用的清洁、安全、经济的能源,对于改善环境和气候、降低核扩散风险、减少核废料发挥重要作用。鉴于原子能院是我国唯一的快堆设计研究、科研和工程实施的基地，泰拉能源对与原子能院的合作予以高度重视，并先后于今年9月和10月两次来访并就合作事宜进行商议，在此基础上促成了比尔盖茨对原子能院的访问。比尔盖茨一行参观了即将达临界的中国实验快堆，在反应堆大厅和主控室，快堆工程部总工程师徐銤向比尔盖茨一行介绍了中国实验快堆的情况，比尔盖茨边仔细观看，边提出相关的技术问题，表现出浓厚的兴趣。参观之后，比尔盖茨欣然提笔写下了：Congratulations on your great achievement. I am very impressed.（祝贺你们取得的巨大成绩，给我留下了非常深刻的印象）。参观之后，黄国俊在报告厅致辞欢迎比尔盖茨一行，他首先转达了孙勤总经理对比尔盖茨先生的问候。他说，中核集团公司是专业领域覆盖最广的一个公司，拥有100多个企业和科研单位，构成了完整的核工业产业体系和科研开发体系。在核能开发领域，也涵盖了研发、设计、工程建设以及运行等各个方面。在目前国内已经和即将投入运行的核电机组中，中核集团公司控股的比重很大。微软公司作为中核集团公司信息化发展的一个战略伙伴，曾经有着良好的合作关系，比尔盖茨先生此次来访预示着将来在第四代先进核能系统的研发方面还会有更加广阔的合作空间。 美国微软公司创始人比尔·盖茨一行访问国家核电王炳华董事长与盖茨先生亲切交谈 2009年11月4日，应国家核电技术公司的邀请，美国微软公司创始人、董事局主席比尔·盖茨率美国泰拉能源公司客人一行正式访问国家核电技术公司总部。国家核电技术公司董事长王炳华与盖茨先生进行了亲切友好的交谈。“国家核电”董事陈肇博，副总经理吕华祥、马璐，总工程师王俊，上海核工程研究设计院院长郑明光，以及总部相关部门负责人和专家委专家也一同参加了会见。 王炳华董事长向盖茨先生一行介绍了“国家核电”基本情况以及中国第三代核电AP1000自主化依托项目工程建设的最新进展；郑明光向来宾介绍了国家核电技术公司的研发和设计能力；泰拉能源公司总裁约翰·吉尔兰德先生向“国家核电”介绍了该公司研发的“行波堆”技术及其后续合作开发计划。国家核电领导与盖茨先生一行会谈盖茨先生在会谈时讲话 “国家核电”和泰拉能源公司签署了技术交流合作谅解备忘录。“国家核电”副总经理马璐女士和美国泰拉能源公司总裁约翰·吉尔兰德先生代表双方在备忘录上签字。双方表示，将就“行波堆”和其他先进核能技术积极展开技术交流与协作，推动双方企业和中美两国在核能领域的进一步合作，为世界能源利用向着更清洁、更安全、更经济的方向发展做出贡献。马璐女士和约翰·吉尔兰德先生签署技术交流合作谅解备忘录 签字仪式顺利举行之后，比尔·盖茨先生和王炳华董事长先后通过视频向“国家核电”员工做了精彩纷呈、激情洋溢、充满真诚的高水平演讲（演讲稿另发）。盖茨先生通过视频给“国家核电”员工做演讲王炳华董事长通过视频做演讲 在国家核电技术公司的协调安排和陪同下，盖茨先生一行还于4日和5日分别会见了国家能源局、中国原子能科学研究院、中国广东核电集团等单位，对推进先进核能技术和共同开展研发合作等话题进行了交流与探讨。盖茨先生与“国家核电”总部部分员工合影比尔·盖茨访问国家核电向员工的视频演讲稿 (英/中文)Good afternoon!I want to explain why I am so exciting to be here today. Most of my work of course has been involved in personal computer and software revolution. This is an amazing thing to be involved in, because creating this tool for communication and collaboration really give us a chance to change the world. The magic of software combined the magic of personal computer are really is changing the world, making science exploration more efficient, making education better, and there is still great things that will come out of that. So makes me a big believer in innovation. And what of my key partners in creating the successful Microsoft was Dr. Nathan Myhrvold.He did many things, including starting the Microsoft research group. And that became very successful, including doing the first research operation here in China which was quite amazing in terms of the brilliant work based on there. So Dr. Myhrvold and I talked about what other great thoughts, what other innovationsare important for the world, we began to spend quite a bit time on energy. Particular my work for the Melinda Gates Foundation, I became aware that having lots of cheap energy is very important, not just to the rich people in the world, but to the poor people and anyone on the planet. So about Mr. Myhrvold’s company, Intellectual Ventures, gather together some great scientists to talk about new ideas for energy system And we consider the nuclear power will be a very important contributor to have lots of cheap environmental-friendly energy in the decades come. So we are very excited when the scientists we poured together, including Dr. Lowood, and many others, came up with a fairly new concept. It is called the traveling wave reactor, and although we are in early stage, potential to improve the way to nuclear energy done looks very interesting. Includes issues like the cost of fuel, or avoiding any shortage, avoiding of proliferation of plutonium which can be very dangerous, so many things including the economics which we think are very promising.Today is my first visit to SNPTC. I’ve got a chance to hear about the incredible work doing. The dedication to safety, engineering excellence and also getting major plans built very rapidly is quite impressive. So we have a very good discussion about how we could bring our mutual strength together. So I think there is a potentially very important partnership here. This work of cheap energy that is environmentally sustainable is more and more important and really everyone is talking about that. So this willingness to innovate to drive forward in nuclear energy is absolutely necessary. So we have very high hopes about what we might achieve together.Thank you for having me here today.附：中文翻译 大家下午好！ 首先我想向大家解释一下为什么我今天这么兴奋来到这里。毫无疑问，我的大部分工作都投入在了个人电脑和软件的革新上。这是一项非常值得参与的活动，因为我们所创造的这一交流和传播的工具着实改变了整个世界。软件和个人计算机的结合改变了世界,使得科学探索更加高效,教育更加优质,并且不断涌现出更伟大的成果。这使得我非常相信创新的意义。 在微软成功的道路上,我有一个非常重要的合作伙伴,——内森·密尔沃德先生。他做了大量的工作，包括成立微软研发中心。当内森·密尔沃德先生和我在讨论还有什么伟大的想法,这世界还需要何种重大的创新时,我们开始关注能源问题。特别是通过梅琳达-盖茨基金会的工作，使我开始意识到拥有经济能源的重要性,它不仅仅对富人重要，对地球上所有的穷人来说更是如此。 为此,密尔沃德先生的公司——高智发明,召集了很多优秀的科学家来探讨能源系统的创新。而我们认为核能将在今后数十年内成为人类清洁、廉价并大规模使用能源的非常重要的来源。所以,我们非常高兴在召集了包括Logwood博士在内的顶级科学家后，提出了这样一种非常先进的理念，那就是行波堆的理念。尽管我们现在还处于早期的研究分析,但是行波堆将对改善核能的利用产生重要的意义。这其中包括,降低燃料造价、避免存储、避免钚的扩散，等等。如此多的优点，以及它的经济性，让我们认为这一堆型将有着广阔的发展前景。 今天是我第一次来到国家核电技术公司。并有机会了解到你们所正在从事工作是如此伟大且令人惊叹。你们对核安全、卓越核工程设计的重视以及快速建设如此重大项目的能力给我留下了非常深刻的印象。同时，我们对于如何结合双方之所长也进行了非常好的交流。我认为我们之间存在着重要的潜在合作伙伴关系。 清洁、廉价、可持续的能源工作正在变得日益重要并越来越为人们所关注，而拥有积极推动核能工程的创新意愿更是显得极其重要和必要。为此，我对于我们双方将要共同达成的事业抱有很高的期望！ 谢谢大家！厦门大学朱崇实校长赴北京与比尔盖茨会晤2009年11月9日 应国家核电技术公司邀请，朱校长于11月5日赴北京参与接待比尔盖茨11月4-5日在北京的访问。比尔盖茨此次访京的主要目的是与国家能源局、中国核能研发机构和集团公司共同探讨在开发利用新核能技术方面进行合作的可能性。 比尔盖茨先生自卸去微软总裁头衔后，一直将其大多精力投入到其设立的基金会上，致力于解决世界疾病和极度贫困问题。近两年来，意识到能源问题成为全世界所共同面临的严峻问题以及解决能源短缺并开发清洁能源的紧迫性，比尔盖茨遂将其关注的另一焦点放在了新能源技术的开发上来。为此，他投巨资于美国泰拉能源公司，支持其探索并发展行波式核反应堆技术。简而言之，行波堆技术可以直接利用贫铀或核电站乏料作为燃料，对其进行深度焚烧而产生巨大能量，将沉重废物负担转换为能源经济效益。行波堆的另一大优势就是无须换料及后处理，不仅可以提高运行安全性，更能极大降低核扩散风险。 朱校长陪同比尔盖茨一行一起参观了中国原子能研究院、中国实验快堆。比尔盖茨率领的泰拉团队对行波堆技术做了讲解和介绍。中午，朱校长代表厦门大学宴请了比尔盖茨一行。陪同宴请的还有国家核电技术公司、中广核公司和中核集团的相关领导。朱校长向比尔盖茨一行介绍了厦门大学的基本情况，特别是厦门大学为应对地方及国家的需要将能源研究放在了其发展战略之上，并为此设立了能源研究院和能源经济研究中心。朱校长还介绍了，福建省是一个传统能源资源匮乏的省份，因此，近年来福建省十分重视核能的开发和利用。目前，福建省已开工建设两座核电站共十个反应堆，正在筹建下一代快堆的商业示范，并将持续大力度推进核能的开发和建设。校长说，作为地处福建省内唯一一所国家“985”工程重点建设大学，厦门大学有责任和义务为服务地方、服务国家尽自己的一份力量。厦门大学目前和中广核公司也就新能源的开发达成了合作意向。 朱校长十分诚恳地邀请比尔盖茨先生在方便之时能访问福建、厦门及厦门大学。比尔盖茨愉快地接受了朱校长的邀请。他说，他的朋友，泰拉能源总裁季约翰先生以及厦门大学特聘教授、厦门大学能源研究院院长、泰拉能源亚洲开发主任李宁教授已多次向他描述了厦门及厦门大学的优美环境及地理气候，他表示一定会安排时间前来参观和交流。 午餐后，比尔盖茨一行乘专机飞往日本会晤东芝总裁，继续其新核能技术的考察之旅。李宁教授全程陪同并协调此次比尔盖茨的访华及访日之行。比尔盖茨到访中国实验快堆 　　 　　　　　　核能是一种安全、清洁、高效的能源，在能源领域中最有发展潜力。微软创始人、世界首富比尔·盖茨对此深信不疑。比尔·盖茨与他名下的比尔和梅琳达－盖茨基金会就把目光瞄向了核能领域。11月5日上午，这位微软公司董事长、前总裁专程来到中核集团中国原子能科学研究院，了解中国实验快堆情况，与中核集团公司进行技术交流。期间，他还在原子能院做了生动的主题演讲。 比尔和梅琳达－盖茨基金会是比尔盖茨在退休后致力于慈善投资的基金组织。开发经济可持续的核能系统是该基金会一个重要的投资计划。泰拉能源公司具体执行该计划的实施。该公司目前正在开发行波快堆。鉴于中国原子能院是我国唯一的快堆设计研究、科研和工程实施的基地，泰拉能源对与原子能院的合作高度重视，并先后于今年9月和10月两次来访并就合作事宜进行商议，并在此基础上促成了比尔盖茨对原子能院的访问。上午9：45分，比尔盖茨一行来到了即将达临界的中国实验快堆，参观了在反应堆大厅和主控室。快堆工程部总工程师徐銤向比尔盖茨一行介绍了中国实验快堆情况，比尔盖茨边仔细观看，边提出相关的技术问题，表现出浓厚的兴趣。参观之后，他与主控室工作人员合影，并欣然提笔祝贺快堆工程取得的成绩。随后，比尔盖茨一行在快堆报告厅与中核集团公司进行了技术交流。中核集团公司科技委副主任黄国俊在致辞中转达了集团公司总经理孙勤对比尔盖茨的问候，回顾了中核集团公司与微软公司在信息化发展方面的良好合作，并扼要介绍了中核集团公司产业体系、科研开发体系以及核电发展形势。他表示，比尔盖茨先生此次来访预示着双方在第四代先进核能系统的研发方面还会有更加广阔的合作空间。 详细的参观，深入的交流，让比尔·盖茨投资核能的信心大增。在原子能院挤满了人群的阶梯教室里，在数百名观众阵阵掌声中，围绕核能发展主题，比尔·盖茨微笑着发表了演讲。 “中国实验快堆取得了了不起的成就，对未来发展起到了关键作用。”一开场，比尔·盖茨就高度赞扬了快堆取得成绩，并阐述了自己对于核能的认识，“正是由于我们在软件方面所取得的巨大进步使我相信科技可以改变世界。我对此一直充满信心。核能是为数不多既经济又环保的能源，未来发展潜力巨大。我很期待能和大家一起从事这项先进工作。” 比尔·盖茨的传奇经历和在商业上取得的巨大成功一直被世人所称道。但与他的巨额财富相比，到场的青年科技工作者更关心他与核能间的关系。演讲结束后，原子能院的员工们纷纷向他提问：“您如何看待核能在中国的发展？”、“微软是否有计划涉足反应堆控制软件系统？”…… “中国发展核能将对环境产生巨大影响。”、“我对中国发展绿色能源充满信心。”、“希望世界上更多的人能分享到中国的繁荣。”……比尔·盖茨精彩的回答引起了大家的阵阵掌声。参观期间，中核集团公司有关部门和原子能院有关领导热情接待了比尔盖茨一行，原子能院院长赵志祥向比尔盖茨赠送了中国实验快堆燃料组件模型，并与前微软首席技术官、高智发明总裁内森梅尔沃德共同在双方会谈所达成的纪要上签字。泰拉能源总裁季约翰，厦门大学校长朱崇实以及国家核电技术公司的有关部门领导也参加了本次活动。 据了解，行波快堆是一种新型的钠冷快堆，得到了麻省理工学院、阿贡国家实验室和哥伦比亚盆地咨询组等的支持理论上，使用乏燃料做燃料的该堆可以同时实现快中子增殖核燃料与焚烧长寿命废物两大功能，大幅提高铀资源利用率，降低环境影响，并长期满足全球能源需求。维基百科：行波堆(TWR)Traveling wave reactor From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaA traveling-wave reactor, or TWR, is a kind of nuclear reactor that can convert fertile material into fissile fuel as it runs using the process of nuclear transmutation. TWRs differ from other kinds of fast-neutron and breeder reactors in their ability to use little or no enriched uranium, instead burning fuel made from depleted uranium, natural uranium, thorium, spent fuel removed from light-water reactors, or some combination of these materials.History Traveling-wave reactors were first proposed in the 1950s and have been studied intermittently since. The concept of a reactor that could breed its own fuel inside the reactor core was initially proposed and studied in 1958 by Saveli Feinberg, who called it a “breed-and-burn” reactor. Michael Driscoll published further research on the concept in 1979, as did Lev Feoktistov in 1988, Edward Teller/Lowell Wood in 1995, Hugo van Dam in 2000 and Hiroshi Sekimoto in 2001.No TWR has yet been constructed, but in 2006, Intellectual Ventures launched a subsidiary named TerraPower, LLC to model and commercialize a practical engineering embodiment of such a reactor, which has since come to be called a traveling-wave reactor. TerraPower has developed TWR designs for low- to medium-power (300-MWe) and large power (~1000-MWe) application.Reactor PhysicsPapers and presentations on the TerraPower TWR describe a pool-type reactor cooled by liquid sodium. The reactor is fueled primarily by depleted uranium, but requires a small amount of enriched uranium or other fissile fuel to initiate fission. Some of the fast-spectrum neutrons produced by fission are absorbed by neutron capture in adjacent fertile fuel (i.e. the non-fissile depleted uranium), converting it into plutonium by the nuclear reaction:The plutonium then fissions to produce two fission products, an average of around 2.5 neutrons, and about 200,000,000 electron volts (eV) of energy, which is converted to electricity using conventional steam turbines.Fuel Unlike light-water reactors (LWRs), TWRs can be fueled at the time of construction with enough depleted uranium to produce full power for 60 years or more. TWRs consume substantially less uranium than a LWR per unit of electricity generated due to TWRs higher fuel burnup, higher thermal efficiency and higher fuel density. A TWR also accomplishes reprocessing on the fly, without the need for chemical separation that is typical of other kinds of breeder reactors. These features greatly reduce fuel and waste volumes while enhancing proliferation resistance.Depleted uranium is widely available as a feedstock. Stockpiles in the United States currently contain approximately 700,000 metric tons of depleted uranium, which is produced as a waste byproduct of the enrichment process. TerraPower has estimated that these stockpiles represent an energy resource equivalent to $100 trillion worth of electricity. Company scientists have also estimated that wide deployment of TWRs could enable projected global stockpiles of depleted uranium to sustain 80% of the world’s population at per capita electricity usages for over a millennium.In principle, TWRs are capable of burning spent fuel from LWRs. This is possible because spent LWR fuel is mostly depleted uranium and, in a TWR fast neutron spectrum, the neutron absorption cross section of fission products are several orders of magnitude smaller than in a LWR thermal neutron spectrum. Additional technical development would be required to realize this capability, however.TWRs are also capable, in principle, of reusing their own fuel. The used metal fuel from TWRs will still contain a high fissile content. Recast and reclad into new driver pellets without separations, this recycled fuel could be used to start fission in additional TWRs, thus displacing the need to enrich uranium altogether.References·^ S.M. Feinberg, “Discussion Comment,” Rec. of Proc. Session B-10, ICPUAE, United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland (1958） ·^ M.J. Driscoll, B. Atefi, D. D. Lanning, “An Evaluation of the Breed/Burn Fast Reactor Concept,” MITNE-229 (Dec. 1979). ·^ L.P. Feoktistov, “An analysis of a concept of a physically safe reactor,” Preprint IAE-4605/4, in Russian, (1988). ·^ E. Teller, M. Ishikawa, and L. Wood, “Completely Automated Nuclear Power Reactors for Long-Term Operation,” Proc. Of the Frontiers in Physics Symposium, American Physical Society and the American Association of Physics Teachers Texas Meeting, Lubbock, Texas, United States (1995). ·^ H. van Dam, “The Self-stabilizing Criticality Wave Reactor,” Proc. Of the Tenth International Conference on Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems (ICENES 2000), p. 188, NRG, Petten, Netherlands(2000). ·^ H. Sekimoto, K. Ryu, and Y. Yoshimura, “CANDLE: The New Burnup Strategy,” Nuclear Science and Engineering, 139, 1-12 (2001). ·^ K. Weaver, C. Ahlfeld, J. Gilleland, C. Whitmer and G. Zimmerman, “Extending the Nuclear Fuel Cycle with Traveling-Wave Reactors,” Paper 9294, Proceedings of Global 2009, Paris, France, September 6-11, (2009). ·^ R. Michal and E. M. Blake, “John Gilleland: On the traveling-wave reactor,” Nuclear News, p. 30-32, September (2009). ·^ M. Wald, “10 Emerging Technologies of 2009: Traveling-Wave Reactor,” MIT Technology Review, March/April (2009). ·^ Gilleland, “TerraPower, LLC Nuclear Initiative” University of California at Berkeley, Spring Colloquium, April 20, 2009 http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/node/1077 Accessed October 2009. ·^ J. Gilleland, “TerraPower, LLC Nuclear Initiative” University of California at Berkeley, Spring Colloquium, April 20, 2009 http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/node/1077 Accessed October 2009. ·^ M. Wald, “10 Emerging Technologies of 2009: Traveling-Wave Reactor,” MIT Technology Review, March/April (2009). ·^ United States Department of Energy, “Depleted UF6 Inventory and Storage Locations,” http://web.ead.anl.gov/uranium/mgmtuses/storage/index.cfm Accessed October 2009. ·^ J. Gilleland, “TerraPower, LLC Nuclear Initiative” University of California at Berkeley, Spring Colloquium, April 20, 2009 http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/node/1077 Accessed October 2009. ·^ L. Wood, T. Ellis, N. Myhrvold and R. Petroski, “Exploring The Italian Navigator’s New World: Toward Economic, Full-Scale, Low Carbon, Conveniently-Available, Proliferation-Robust, Renewable Energy Resources,” 42nd Session of the Erice International Seminars on Planetary Emergencies, Erice, Italy, 19024 August (2009).